[3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. View original page. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Kublai Khan The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. White Lotus - Wikipedia Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX (February 22, 2023). [6] This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces [citation needed]. Omissions? Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Update now. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. . Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. // White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand ." 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. . "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. //]]>. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Nothing is known of his end. Corrections? ", Dai, Yingcong. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Szczepanski, Kallie. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. . When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org Imperial Mistakes In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. "White Lotus Rebellion Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Omissions? Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. At the . [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." It took nine years of warfare and great loss. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. He simply and quietly disappeared. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The rebels are all our own subjects. Chien-lung The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers.