The disease, radium-induced osteonecrosis, was recognized as an occupational disease in 1925 after a group of radium painters, known as the Radium Girls, from the United States Radium Corporation sued. Instead, it would be better to take the box outside and remove the lid there, which would allow any built-up gas to rapidly dissipate." The watches tested were produced from the 1920s through the '60s, and are a mix of British, Swiss, and American origin. Westclox Big Ben and Baby Ben Identification Guide ClockHistory.com, Keeping Time in Peru Chicago Tribune, October 18, 1998, Remembering the Great War and The Clock That Caused a Near Riot WestcloxMuseum.com, For That Healthy Glow, Drink Radiation Popular Science, August 17, 2004, The Radium Girls: The Dark Story of Americas Shining Women, by Kate Moore, 2o17, The Forgotten Story Of The Radium Girls, Whose Deaths Saved Thousands Of Workers Lives, by Kate Moore, Buzzfeed.com, One-Day and Alarm Clocks Commercial America, Vol VI, 1909, A Rude Awakening: The History of Alarm Clocks ThroughoutHistory.com. Yet Mrs. Keane was a survivor who later conquered colon and breast cancer. 1968 Who made westclox? I would like to find the value of it. A Westclox Museum has been opened within the original facility, showing off rare collections from the millions of timepieces once manufactured there. The Canadian Clock Museum (http://www.canclockmuseum.ca/) may have some information. Westclox made an excellent, almost exact, reproduction of the style 1a Big Ben in 1970. In her 2017 book, The Radium Girls: The Dark Story of Americas Shining Women, author Kate Moore notes that many of the new girls at the Radium Dial factory started out painting the famous Westclox Big Ben clocks before moving on to the smaller and more challenging Baby Ben, and finally the Pocket Ben and Scotty pocket watches, all produced at the Westclox Works. Donohue, like many of her young peers in the radium industry, eventually realized that her amusing glow had been a warning of severe exposure to a radioactive substance. In 1898, the Curies discovered the existence of. The phosphor deterioration means you can't see a glow anymore, but . We are very proud to be living in this building and would love to know more about this specific site. Thanks. Eventually we became best friends and started researching together. when did westclox stop using radium old restaurants in lawrence, ma . Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. If someone has restored it in the past, make sure the correct dial was put on it and the movements, which have probably been repaired a lot, have been done nicely. Your email address will not be published. Back then, radium wasn't considered to be dangerous in small doses. The women also left a legacy to science that has been termed invaluable.. Sep 23, 2011 I first saw the clock in 1957. It had beneath that four long tubes and they were the chimes for the door bell. A well-dressed, steady and punctual chap, up to the minute and always on the job., Big Ben always comes to you straight from home, LaSalle, Illinois, read another. "[4], According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, "radioactive antiques [including watches] are usually not a health risk as long as they are intact and in good condition. I have a collection of clocks, and amongst my collection are Westminster chime wall clocks, I have two Keinzle and two Junghans. Ruth Spayer at the Westclox Museum tracked down a newspaper story from the Daily Post-Tribune on March 21, 1944, describing a scene in which three women fainted, several clerks were trampled, and four showcase windows were shattered before police untangled a jam of 2,500 women and a few stout-hearted men who converged on the store.. That summer at an antique store I came across one that wasnt even in the book, and I thought that was exciting. It led to life-saving regulations and, ultimately, to the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which now operates nationally in the United States to protect workers. Matthiessen, 1904 Western Clock MFG Co. catalog cover, and the original Peru factory in 1905]. Radium is highly radioactive. The NAWCC has an online forum with a lot of different categories. All Rights Reserved. By the 1960s production went offshore to achieve economies of scale . I hope to document Style 5 Baby Bens this winter. I also like some of the older American weight-driven clocks. Big Ben: butler nickel case, gold leaf numeral dial 1930 1932. Westclox began as the United Clock Company of Peru, Illinois in 1885. I have a Westclox Magnet Key Part number 031723 I think was used to open a door as it has an arrow on 1 end. Importantly, the health risks tied to these old clocks is generally believed to be quite minimal, so long as one avoids long-term exposure or directly ingesting the paint as the Ghost Girls had. Various lettering on the dial and various patent dates (later, numbers) on the Like style 1a non-luminous with dealer name on dial. I have a sessions mantle clock duet#1. As the dark cloud of fear and suspicion grew over the small town of Ottawa into the 30s, the Radium Dial Company itself refused to take any responsibility, claiming innocence and ignorance. Its hard to fathom in retrospect, but in the early 20th century, it was generally believed that small amounts of radium were perfectly harmless to humans, and thus, the substances natural, long-lasting glow actually made it something of an attractive novelty of the time periodnot just on clock dials, but in the worlds of quack medicine, fashion, cosmetics, and even a proto version of energy water, called Radithor.. Many thanks. Another thing people do is make fake advertising clocks. When I was eight we moved to a new house and my mom and I were looking in the attic and found an old octagon wall clock made by Waterbury, probably dated about 1880. How do you set the time on a old fashioned alarm clock? I recently wrote an article on Hong Kong Watch and Clockmakers for the Antiquarian Horology Society Journal. bailey oceans tide clock dated 1880, with a Fusee movement. Buy Now. I have a similar clock. National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Inc (A 501c3 non-profit corporation). Thank you Stoddard: The National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors (NAWCC) is headquartered in Pennsylvania but has chapters throughout the country. The trademark "Westclox" which had appeared on their Big Ben alarm clocks as early as 1910 was officially registered in January 1916. German: WECKER (alarm); UHR (clock). All the rods in my clocks are verticle that is from top to bottom of the case, four on each side at the back of the movement. I spent many an evening here, watching him bowl.. WECKER (CCW arrow) knob sets alarm time. The women also left a legacy to science that has been termed invaluable., shifting from serif to sans-serif typefaces and from slightly ornate to more streamlined minute and second hands, all of which eased legibility; setting the clock face closer to the glass, reducing shadows; and creating a slightly smaller form overall., three women fainted, several clerks were trampled, and four showcase windows were shattered before police untangled a jam of 2,500 women and a few stout-hearted men who converged on the store., For That Healthy Glow, Drink Radiation . These paints were used on the dials of clocks and watches to make them glow-in-the-dark. When I walked along the street, Iwas aglow from the radium powder., [Mrs. Charlotte Purcell, like Catherine Donohue, was one of 15 former workers at the Radium Dial Company who contracted cancer and sought justice in the late 1930s]. Radium was even used in medical applications during the 20th century. A Big Ben typical of those made from late 1910 to mid-1915. I Have a small brass alarm clock,which is 1-3/4 Hieght Length & Width. In 1913, with help from the US government, Dr. Douglas formed the National Radium Institute, to mine radium from uranium ores recently discovered in Colorado. Westclox Big Ben Style 1a Alarm Clock Date Summary: 1918 - 1935 (and a reproduction was made in 1970) Characteristics: Ring on top, two legs in front, no screws through the front of the bezel. Their factory in LaSalle, Illinois closed down in about 1980 when they moved all their production down south, but the building is still there. When did they stop using radium on clocks? I met somebody then who told me about the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors and then I joined that and in their bi-monthly magazine I found a man looking for early Westclox information, he is now one of the foremost Westclox researchers. As Kate Moore explains it, The radium girls case was one of the first in which an employer was made responsible for the health of the companys employees. When I got out of college I started going to the watch and clock conventions and met a man who was giving a program about the history of Big Bens and Baby Bens. Thank you. Radium is an almost pure white alkaline radioactive earth metal, and is found in nature in uranium ores. Westclox made an excellent, almost exact, reproduction of the style 1a Big Ben in 1970. The greater surprise, though, is that they didnt abandon the use of radium in the years that followed. By 1930, all dial painters stopped pointing their brushes by mouth. When I was 11 or 12, I started mowing lawns for money and paid another man to repair it for me, but when it came back it would run for a while and then stop, pretty erratic. any info would be appreciated. Radium dials held near the face have been shown to produce radiation doses in excess of 10Sv / hour. Museum Artifacts: Luminous Big Ben & Baby Ben Clock Dials (1940s) and Style 1A Big Ben Alarm Clock (1920s), Made By: Western Clock MFG Company, aka Westclox, 350 5th St., Peru, Illinois [LaSalle]. We are looking for any Westclox photographs, memorabilia etc between 1927- 1980s of the factory. When did westclox stop using radium? I worked here for 28 years. This particular clock is made in China while other similar Westclox alarm clocks at the time were made in Taiwan. Thats another story. The Ingersoll Watch division of the Waterbury Clock Company, a nationally-known maker of low-cost pocket and wristwatches, was a leading popularizer of the use of radium for watch hands and indices through the introduction of their "Radiolite" watches in 1916. Art and Mary Ann Windy [pictured] have been married for 49 years, met as Westclox employees and were present for the open house. When did clocks stop using radium? Buy Now. Before OSHA was set up, 14,000 people died on the job every year; today, it is just over 4,500. [citation needed] After about 20minutes this delivers the equivalent of one whole day's worth of normal background radiation. I have an antique mantle clock given to my Aunt & Uncle for a wedding gift (approximately 1949) FROM my great grandparents. Well, the company certainly maintained some major salesrooms here, and many of their employees came from the city and its suburbs. The clock is shielded From the glass crystal. I was given an Elias Ingraham Clock many years ago and would like to know a bit more about it and its value. Even so, our case-less dials are certainly best left behind glass and out of reach, a sad reminder of a terrible and preventable episode in industrial history, the effects of which continued to plague the town of Ottawa for many years afterward. They made the most of the perk, wearing their good dresses to the plant so theyd shine in the dance halls at night, and even painting radium onto their teeth for a smile that would knock their suitors dead., When I went home and washed my hands in a dark bathroom, they would appear luminous and ghostly,, My clothes, hanging in a dark closet, gave off a phosphorescent glare. The magical glow, as was widely understood by everyone involved, was created by radiuma radioactive element discovered by Marie Curie in 1898. This 1964 Westclox Christmas ad describes their features. Sep 6, 2008. potz said: Afaik Radium was used right up to the 1950's. Some sources even say it was used up to 1968 in watches and 1978 in clocks. When did the use of radium stop? See the top of this page for a current list of In terms of my own collection, Im still trying to find some of the really early Big Bens. At this moment I study horology at West Dean College in the UK. Radium dials were typically painted by young women, who used to 'point' their brushes by licking and shaping the bristles prior to painting the fine lines and numbers on the dials. Copyright Contact the Webmaster for perceived copyright infringement (DMCA Registration Number 1010287). The Ghost Girls might have been the envy of the other girls in town, but no one yet realized just how much danger they were being subjected to. When many of these early Big Ben advertisements were still running, Gaston Le Roys life took a sudden and dramatic turn. Accueil; Services; Ralisations; Annie Moussin; Mdias; 514-569-8476 Something about them has always been ingrained in me. I'll start with a 19j Bunn, Looking for Somebody with Some Bandwidth to do a Repair. When did Bulova stop using radium? 5 17 15 is May 17, 1915 . I never realized, even working here, they made so many different models.. In all my research I can not confirm that The Style 1 models every had 1) and 2) above. When radium was discovered in the early 1900s, people were fascinated by its mysterious glow and it was added to many everyday products, including paints. 514 Poplar Street its about 2 inches long maybe 1/2 in thick with holes on either end to be worn on a key chain perhaps? Junghans, Kienzle,Mauthe,Kaiser, Peter, (all from Germany) Veglia (Italy), CNIS ( France), Ingersoll (UK) as well as some Hong Kong made items. Do you have an archival dept who could give us an idea of our Western Clock which we recently acquired? The Westclox Big Ben Alarm Clock Vintage is an iconic timepiece that has been around since the early 1900s. Radium dials usually lose their ability to glow in the dark in a period ranging anywhere from a few years to several decades, but all will cease to glow at some point. I cannot date it. Next to the original Westcloxes I have an interesting collection of European copies by a.o. . Thanks for any info you may be able to supply We have photos of all the employees between 1927-1945 at the Peterborough Ontario Location but not much else. Matthiessen [pictured below], who owns the powerful Illinois Zinc Company and most other things in Peru / LaSalle, decides to swoop in and save Stahlbergs little clock business, incorporating it as the Western Clock Mfg. If you want to identify an item, try posting it in our Show & Tell gallery. Charles Stahlberg headed a group from Waterbury, Connecticut, who came to Peru in 1884 to build clocks based on a new idea by Stahlberg. I recently added the Big Ben Style 1 and Baby Ben Style 1 Dial and Back types. It is in good condition and has the original pendulum and key. Westclox closed its Peru factory 35 years ago. thanks for your time, was doing research.. Appears from search engine a conversation about D batteries but cant find it in the text.. Can anyone inform me of the different size of D? They had one in Brazil for a while and I think also in Hong Kong. That way I got myself another Baby Ben, bringing my collection to three by age 12. But this is not how the story of Westclox began. Westclox Scotland produced its first clock on 21 September 1948; a spring wound alarm with a 4-inch (10cm) dial. Am I missing something here? Can someone get back to me as to what it is and possibe age of it. Richard Tjarks introduced Thank you. I have a quite a few pieces of both of them I have even one big Ben pocket watch which is still working after , I do not know how many years. Seeking the Big 3 goals of convenience, cleanliness, and cheap production, Dreyfuss rolled out his new-look Big Ben in 1931. Also, its not just Americans who collect, its worldwide. "[5] However, radium is highly radioactive, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation the effects of which are particularly deleterious if inhaled or ingested since there is no shielding within the body. knowledge about vintage and antique Westclox clocks and watches. The alarm mechanism was also improved as part of Kerns new patents, with an intermittent ringing that kind of acted as an archaic form of snooze alarm. So you find clocks where parts have been switched, so thats one challenge, determining originality. This Christmas (1930) ad illustrates 61-F Dura Case, style 2 crackle finish Big Ben and Baby Ben, Auto Clock, Pocket Ben and Country Club pocket watches. Is radium still used on watches? Any information would be very helpful. He corresponded with Westclox General Manager Ernst Roth over the weeks that followed, but after a final letter that September, he went silent. It is battery operated and takes a D battery. Sometimes Ive seen them for 300 to 600 dollars. Even today, with the considerable help of a thing called Interstate 80, its still about a two-hour journey from LaSalle Street to LaSalle County. Is this a product that the company would have made or something someone created? When did Westclox stop using radium? The precise, delicate skill of painting clock dials with radium powder promised a much higher salary than most factory jobs available to women at the time (upwards of $18 a week), and the company soon employed as many as 200 female workers in its Ottawa plant. July 17th, 2008. [left to right: F.W. i use a 1980s I believe westclox pocket ben sweep 2nd hand, I actually had a westclox bullseye from the early 1990s when I was in elementary school. Same as the nickel version but in a gold-plated case. Posted on 1 second ago; June 24, 2022 . In clocks, as in all other lines of goods, there are two classes of consumersthe millions and the millionaires. I took it all apart and asked my dad to help me put it back together, but he cut his finger on the spring. With a half-life of only 3.8 days, radon "seeds" (Rn gas contained in thin walled gold tubing, crimped and cut into units up to 1cm in length) could be left permanently implanted in the body. the knobs have foreign words ie wecker & UHR.would like to know about his clock I tried selling some of my surplus electric Big Bens on eBay and they just didnt go, you could get only about $0.99 for them. Origin of the eye, forklore or legends surrounding????? I would also like photo and more details of his clock, since I intend to write a follow-up article. It emits alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. On March 31, 1980, the Peru-LaSalle plant was officially closed, narrowly missing its 100-year anniversary. Theres a seller on eBay now whos doing some really outstanding restorations of Big Bens. A clock without hands might seem indifferent to the passage of time, but these old Big Ben and Baby Ben dials have some serious stories to tell. They have meetings every two months, and educational programs, so thats a really great way to meet collectors and get all kinds of advice. Hundreds of thousands of clocks were produced a year, until closing its doors in 1980. Westclox 0.9" LED Plasma Screen Alarm Clock with USB Charging Port 71014X. If you look at a Baby Ben in the 1959 Sears catalog, they sold for about nine dollars and if you go to a Wal Mart today you can still buy a Baby Ben for about nine dollars, but the quality isnt the same. Westclox set up a factory in England in the 1940s and also in Scotland. On the Style 9, they went back to actual minute markings. Radium paint itself was eventually phased out and has not been used in watches since 1968. I recently added the Big Ben Style 1 and Baby Ben Style 1 Dial and Back types. I always wondered why the dial of my Baby Ben clock, which I have had from late 60s, was marked off in 48ths of an hour instead of minutes. "Westclox" in italics, double hexagon legs: 1918, "Westclox" in italics, regular legs: 1918 -1922, "Westclox" in italics, very narrow lettering at bottom: "MADE BY WESTERN CLOCK CO., LA SALLE, ILL., U.S.A.", ca. You just cant imagine the size of this factory its just gigantic. The lume used on vintage Rolex watches was radium-based, and radium remained the standard for nearly all Rolex lume until 1963, when growing health concerns forced a shift away from it. In the comprehensive Big Ben & Baby Ben Identification Guide, organized by researchers Richard Tjarks and Bill Stoddard, they credit the original brilliant marketing of these little wonders almost entirely to one mana 28 year-old French immigrant named Gaston Le Roy. I have looked high and low in my attempts to find out how any of these resproduction style 1A were produced. 1970s Many of these workers developed bone cancer . I was about 3ft high and recessed into the wall. How can people be exposed to Radium? This classic clock is known for its loud and distinct bell-like . It is a wind up. I have a Westclox Bachelor alarm clock from probably the 50s as it was always there when I was growing up. $26.95. I think we threw it away. It has a cracked front lens that I would like to replace. lds missionary clothing stores; June 24, 2022 . These clocks were produced in the thousands and many can be bought on eBay for under $10. [9] Prior to that date, "the federal government had a limited role, if any, in ensuring the safe use of radium," according to the NRC. When did they stop using radium for watches? In the United States there does not seem to have ever been prohibitory legislation passed banning the use of radium in clocks and watches. Big Ben Style Series. Which is interesting because many of the electrics are scarcer but people just arent into collecting electric clocks. The Windys said their union confirms an old Westclox employee rumor about the long-lasting nature of a relationship struck up near a certain fountain. Was westclox ever manufactured in germany and if so when? Thank to several professionals who Ive met on Ebay, I have become quite skilled with my restorations plus making dials and alarm function indicators. The NAWCC is dedicated to providing association services, promoting interest in and encouraging the collecting of clocks and watches including disseminating knowledge of the same. Although old radium dials generally no longer produce light, this is due to the breakdown of the crystal structure of the luminous zinc sulfide rather than the radioactive decay of the radium. From 1942 to 1945, Westclox ceased all production intended for domestic civilian sale and dedicated its production resources to the war effort. [9] The element was phased out of use by industry acting under its own volition as superior and safer luminous materials entered the marketplace. 2023 by Andrew Clayman. 1919 - 1920 on a small proportion of clocks, "Westclox" in Roman text, Wide lettering at bottom: 1923, "Westclox" in Roman text, Narrow lettering at bottom:1924 to 1927, "Westclox" in Roman text, Projection on the "x": 1928 - 1935, Luminous, "Westclox" in italics: ca. This has probably been discussed before but my search turned up nothingdo the luminous hands on a Big Ben alarm clock contain painted radium? . By 1930, all dial painters stopped pointing their brushes by mouth. During the early 1900's, the effects of radiation exposure were not well understood, and radium was frequently . Were finally at a point, where were ready to do more than just sit here, said Ruth Spayer, curator for the museum. Radium - The First Rolex Luminous Material. The first Big Bens and Baby Bens in 1910 were wind ups.. Condition is important, but clocks can be restored. Can you confirm? Style 1a has four holes in the back to access the movement cap screws; Style 1 has the legs and pendant riveted to the case, on style 1a they screw on. [Workers assembling Big Ben alarm clocks at the Westclox plant, 1910s. They were, incredibly enough, instructed to ingest a radioactive poison all day, every day, and never properly warned of any potential hazards. In 1919 the company was incorporated as Western Clock Company, Ltd. can anybody tell me about this piece? Its basically all forward momentum from here. Collectors Weekly: When did you discover that there were other clock collectors? Can anyone tell me the meaning or significance of this eye? Without a crystal poses a serious Health risk because the Radium paint flakes off and can become airborne. The end of the Great War began what was, in many respects, a halcyon time for Westclox, now arguably the best-known timekeeping brand in the world. I think the clock was electric but could have been a wind up or maybe even a pendulum. 1978. Purchased from a man who claimed to have salvaged them from the backroom of an unnamed Chicago watch repair shop, each round and weathered face represents the lasting work of an international manufacturing giant at the peak of its powers. I would like to know the value of a #4 black, #321(in original cardboard Christmas box), mint condition, Baby Ben alarm clock is. I am looking to get an approxmiate value of this clock. They asked me to give some programs myself at some of the chapter meetings so I became a little bit better at being a public speaker, and its been great meeting people. I am a retired mechanical engineer, the quality has floored me, hats off to this company. We pay his railroad fare on all orders for a dozen or more, we brand him with your name in lots of 24., unconsciously characterized the manunaffected, direct, devoted to his cause., Radiums luminosity was part of its allure,, The dial painters soon became known as the ghost girls because by the time they finished their shifts, they themselves would glow in the dark. It is in the manufacture of alarm and one-day clocks that these results are the most noticeable, because in this field the quality of the product had always been subordinated to the market value, and the general feeling was one of let good enough alone., In this particular branch of the clock industry the Western Clock Manufacturing Company has achieved great results in the last twenty years. Through it all, Peru remained the companys home base, as over 3,000 employees now enjoyed the rapidly expanding space of the factory and its attached campus, with gardens, tennis courts, a bowling alley, and other things worthy of a Matthiessen estate. Stoddard: The prices for larger wall clocks, three feet tall and up, have increased dramatically, while prices on some of the more common clocks have remained the same for the past 20 years. Henry Warren invented a little synchronous motor that could go inside a clock. US radium dial painting factory. [Westclox advertisements from WWII period, ft. I have been searching for one like as the clock went with the house after my Grandmother passed away. Safety The center is in the shape of the world map. Was this done so the alarm could be more easily set on the quarter or half hour? But it had always just been a matter of time (pun less intended) before industrial mass production made a wide-scale phenomenon like the Big Ben possible. Recently Ive seen people taking an old Baby Ben thats worth a few bucks or so and gluing rhinestones around the bezel on the clock. . Westclox did make a couple of documented advertising clocks, but very few. (All images in this article courtesy Bill Stoddard, www.clockhistory.com), I found this article very complimentary to the Westclox company and an intriguing piece to read. According to Periodic. The company later changed its name to the United States Radium Corporation. So yes. credit: Northern Illinois University], According to a 1909 article in Commercial America, In clocks, as in all other lines of goods, there are two classes of consumersthe millions and the millionaires. His ideas were patented on as US patent #326,602. They worked in unvented rooms, they wore smocks that they laundered at home. Initially hired as a low level clerk, Le Roy worked his way up the company ladder in the early 1900s as an on-the-road sales rep, soliciting business from Chicago to New York to parts unknown. Their Scottish factory was a full manufacturing plant, at which all their clocks were assembled from start to finish with only the basic raw materials being brought in by outside suppliers. The movement was then used with minor changes in Loud Alarm models until 1956. Westclox Model 66 Movement Series Welcome to the Westclox Clock and Watch History Database. One of the objects on display in the Benton County Historical Society's Corvallis Museum is this Westclox Radium Dial Clock. I have purchased 1) Style 1 Baby and Big Ben with the Gold Leaf dial (seller stated raised letters); and, 2) a Style 1 Baby Ben with Baby Ben De Luxe on the dial. Westclox - An Identification and Price Guide, and I added even more in 2012. When did Westclox close? Kind regards, Ben van Vliet. I know the site informs readers the amount of Big Bens produced in any one year, but does NOT for the reproduction model produced in 1970. They typically have a round brass base with a glass dome over them; they were made in Germany from the 1890s up through the 1970s, and a lot of people collect them. The alpha particles emitted by the radium, which is taken up in bone, will kill off surrounding bone tissue, resulting in a condition loosely referred to as radium jaw. The first style 1a cases had double-hexagon legs, but after about a year they were changed to standard single hex form. In a way theyre preventing clocks from being thrown away so I cant totally condemn it, but it still seems like a funny thing to do. Westclox Big Bens and Baby Bens are full of the stuff. For my 14th birthday I got a book called The Treasury of American Clocks and there was a picture showing the seven types of Baby Bens. I believed it was manufacturing tag. They had one in Brazil for a while and I think also in Hong Kong. Eventually, scientists and medical professionals realized that these workers' illnesses were being caused by internal contamination from the radium they ingested.