Its the best! Fold in sides. It was something that was made when we were all gathered as family for special occasions or for a Sunday dinner. Enjoy! In a large nonreactive stockpot, bring 2 quarts water to a boil. Just before serving, sprinkle with salt and cheese if desired. Add the tomato juice, vinegar and sugar and enough water to cover. Cover and place over high heat. Transfer rolls, seam side down, to a 9" x 13" baking dish. Place in boiling water, cover and boil until leaves are pliable, drain. , which are rolled cabbage leaves, are stuffed with deliciously flavored meat and rice and then baked in a rich tomato sauce. Separate leaves and trim stems. Halupki (Cabbage Rolls) - A Coalcracker in the Kitchen Announcements will run on a space-available basis. So, to my dismayI ate the cabbage. You may want a forever puppy if you are used to smaller animals. To ensure even cooking, don't use the outermost leaves of the cabbagethey don't have as much moisture. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The recipe didn't add nutmeg but the summary mentioned it. Combine liquid with mayonnaise. Core head of cabbage, place in boiling water and boil until partly cooked. It was a hit with crowd. Price and stock may change after publish date, and we may make money off Mix meats, rice, onion, garlic, egg, 2 tablespoons paprika and 1 teaspoon thyme with a few tablespoons of tomato sauce together. Stuffed Cabbage sauce option: After having baked an hour, uncover and add a handful of golden raisns and fresh dill. Butter a 9-inch-by-13-inch casserole dish. Set oven to 350 degrees. Lay rolls on top of torn cabbage leaves in pan. Oh My Halupki! (Grandma-Style Stuffed Cabbage) 2023 Just A Pinch Recipe Club, LLC. In a medium skillet, melt butter over medium heat. Slow Cooker Stuffed Cabbage Rolls - Sweet and Savory Meals I so value my family's heritage. Anyways it came out wonderful. Repeat with the remaining leaves. Combine the ground beef and pork, rice, scallions, parsley, egg, garlic powder and seasoning in a large bowl. salt, 1 tsp. Try your hand at cooking traditional Hungarian stuffed cabbage with When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Remove the center core of each head of cabbage. Don't overmix or the meat will become tough. Repeat with remaining leaves and filling. There are some breeds that stay small in size even when they're fully grown. Halu-what now I hear you say? Slovak Stuffed Cabbage (Halupki) - Rob, what's for dinner (-) Information is not currently available for this nutrient. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. Kick off your St. Patrick's Day celebrations with our shamrock garlands, rainbow balloons, leprechaun traps, and more decoration ideas. Layer some cabbage rolls on top, keeping them 1/2-inch or so from the sides of the pot. This recipe is similar to how my grandma made hers, but she didn't use any celery or apples. Stuffed Cabbage Filling- I do the onion, garlic, celery addition when making stuffed pepper but omit those when making cabbage rolls. Using a paring knife, remove center core of cabbage. Its perfect. However, its how it was made at home since I was little and theres nothing better than comfort food. Cook on high for 4 hours or low for 8 hours. I love that this recipe is full of vegetables and is so healthy. When leaves are cool enough to handle, use a paring knife to cut away the thick center stem from each leaf, without cutting all the way through. Uncover for half hour to reduce water. Comfort food, perfect for chilly days. Directions. Fill the pot up with enough water to just cover the rolls. Many years ago a friend gave me a receipe for stufffed cabbage enclosed in homemade bread dough then baked. Remove the hard outer vein from the leaves. Reduce heat to medium-low, cover, and simmer until rice is tender and liquid has been absorbed, about 20 minutes. Or make a larger batch and use leftovers for fried rice or rice pudding. Mix beef and pork together. Place in large pot of boiling water. Pour over the cabbage rolls. The Halupkis, which are rolled cabbage leaves, are stuffed with deliciously flavored meat and rice and then baked in a rich tomato sauce. Delish editors handpick every product we feature. Recipe Box . In a large mixing bowl, mix ground beef, ground veal, ground pork, rice (I normally pre-boil it before I mix into the meat), bread crumbs, milk, grated onion, grated garlic, parsley, eggs, garlic powder, onion powder, salt and pepper. Reserve about a cup and a half of the salted cabbage water for later. This is a traditional Slovak style stuffed cabbage made with a very simple tomato sauce. Mix beef and pork together. Pour the sour cream mixture in the pot over the sauerkraut, stir. . Breakfast & Brunch; Lunch; Recipe: Slovak Stuffed Cabbage - YouTube Stuffed Cabbage (Plnen Kapusta or Holubky) - Slovak Cooking Remove core from cabbage. German American, Hungarian, Slavic, Slovak, Cabbage Rolls, Golabki, Golumpki, Halupki, Stuffed Cabbage. First time I made it I left the apple out, second time put it in and it made a HUGE difference!!! Cover and simmer for 10 minutes. ** Nutrient information is not available for all ingredients. The cabbage rolls are accompanied by a sweet-sour sauce. Amount is based on available nutrient data. Place the cabbage in a covered microwave-safe dish with cup of water. Whisk together all dressing ingredients. Serve with pan juices, and if desired, mashed potatoes and crusty bread. Place a blanched cabbage leaf over the plastic wrap, then the rice filling and gently pull up the plastic wrap twisting into cabbage pouches closing the cabbage firmly around the filling. Place your cabbage carefully into the stock pot of simmering water. This Jewish stuffed cabbage (holishkes) recipe is a traditional dish for Sukkot. 180 Ground beef ideas in 2023 | cooking recipes, beef recipes, recipes After all, everyone is Irish onSt. Patrick's Day. Turn cabbage every 2 to 3 minutes; transfer any leaves that separate from cabbage into a strainer to drain and cool. SLOVAK STUFFED CABBAGE recipe | Epicurious.com Sprinkle with 1 to 2 tablespoons of sugar. Bring to a boil and then reduce the heat to medium. Fill a large pot two-thirds of the way with water and add 1 tbsp (17 g) of salt to add flavor. Reserve 2 cups cabbage cooking water. Deck yourself out in green and celebrate everything Irish with our absolute favorite St. Patrick's Day recipes for brunch and dinner. Bring water to a boil over medium-high heat. Slow-Cooked Cabbage Rolls Recipe: How to Make It - Taste of Home Place one cup of the sauerkraut in the bottom of a large Dutch oven. Recipe Instructions Make the filling:In a large bowl place together ground meat, diced onions, rice, thyme, ground pepper and Set aside.Make the cabbage rolls: 4.9/5 (12) Total Time: 3 hrs 45 mins Category: Meat And Poultry ), Kohlrouladen: German Stuffed Cabbage Rolls, Cabbage Rolls With Ground Beef and Tomato Sauce, Toltott Kaposzta: Hungarian Stuffed Cabbage, How to Make Polish Stuffed Cabbage Rolls - Golabki, Polish Cabbage and Sauerkraut Soup (Kapuniak), Stuffed Cabbage Rolls With Ground Beef and Rice, Greek Stuffed Cabbage Rolls (Lahanodolmathes). Remove large outer leaves from cabbage and set aside. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; Flavor From Scratch https://www.flavorfromscratch.com/. Reserve four large outer leaves to line bottom of pan. Turn off the heat, but keep covered while you prepare the other ingredients. Serve with pan juices and a drizzle of sour cream, if desired, and mashed potatoes and crusty bread. Core head of cabbage, place in boiling water and boil until partly cooked. Place cabbage rolls in a large crock pot. 2. Mine tasted watery and bland. Add onion and cook until soft, 5 minutes. Place the head of cabbage in a large pot over high heat and add water to cover. From chili and chicken cutlets to spaghetti and meatballs and sheet-pan salmon, consider this your ultimate guide to making a fast weeknight dinner. (I personally like to leave the rice out of mine but it's just a preference). 1 pound canned sauerkraut, drained, juices reserved, and optionally rinsed. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Here are providers of Slovak and Eastern European food in the local Washington, DC area as well as few online sources. Take the can of tomato soup and dilute it with half of the cabbage water that you had saved from a previous step. Bethanys recipes will inspire you to add new colors and flavors to your everyday meals. Step 1 Preheat oven to 350. this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. Brown the ground beef and sausage with the onion, salt, garlic salt, and pepper, 7 to 10 minutes. Submissions will be edited for length. Separate leaves and trim stems. Prepare for baking: Thereafter, preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit and lightly grease a 913 baking pan. Place each completed cabbage roll into your roaster or large casserole dish. Amount is based on available nutrient data. Dont listen to the ones that say this is too bland. These Are the 10 Things Happy Couples Regularly Do Together, Experts Say. Drain and set aside to cool. Turn on your stove and let the water warm while you perform the next steps. Another fun take on the beef and rice combo are these porcupine meatballs that are just as delicious as they are fun! [1] [2] They are also a featured . Martha Stewart is part of the Meredith Home Group. Cabbage leaves are sour, fermented leaves, the sour creme is not sour creme- it is fresh creme. Halupki, also known as Holubky (Stuffed Cabbage Rolls), is a dish from the Slovak region of Eastern Europe. . Drain pineapple, reserving 2 tablespoons liquid. Martha, please write a cookbook for the Polskas! Bring to a boil, reduce heat to very low, cover and simmer 3 to 4 hours. Roll away from you to encase the meat. (-) Information is not currently available for this nutrient. Bramboracky (Czech Savory Potato Pancakes) Bramboracky (bram-bor-atch Cakes 359 Show detail Preview View more Add the sausage and whole piece of ham. Put the cabbage in a pot, add a quarter of a teaspoon of salt and cover with water. Stuffed cabbage is not only filling, but it's also simple to prepare. Cabbage Filling: - 1/2 head of a medium cabbage, cored and shredded. Used a lighter colored cabbage maybe savoy, that came from my neighbors' garden. Do not stir, though you can make sure the water is still covering the rolls by pressing them down periodically. All the best ever!Belov. Remove from the heat. Layer seam down in pot. Add water saved from boiling cabbage and pour remaining tomato sauce on top. (-) Information is not currently available for this nutrient. Core the cabbage using a short, sharp knife. It adds an extra dimension to the stuffed cabbage and can also be used to make one heck of a kielbasa and sauerkraut dish. Perhaps you'd prefer bangers and mash or a Guinness pie packed with beef? amzn_assoc_region = "US"; About Slovak Stuffed Cabbage Recipe:This recipe for slovak stuffed cabbage, also known as holubky or halupki, is made with ground beef and pork, sauerkraut, paprika, and tomato sauce. See Picture. Trim thick center vein from bottom of each leaf. Carefully unwrap. Best Stuffed Cabbage Recipe - How to Make Stuffed Cabbage Chop the remaining cabbage, still reserving large outer leaves, and place it in the bottom of a large greased casserole dish or Dutch oven. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Eat the cabbage. amzn_assoc_linkid = "15479c4187af0ebf0e9dc75905b1a34b"; amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "whatsfordi0b0-20"; So this is a real authentic Halupki recipe, with a few of my own tweaks of course! Reserve one cup of the water and drain the rest. Pre-heat oven to 350F 1. 8. Remove the thick centre from the bottom of each cabbage leaf. Mix well. You will need 18 leaves. Gently remove from the pot, place in a bowl, and set aside until cool enough to . Whatever you do, be sure to bake a loaf of soda bread for the tableand end the meal on a sweet note with one of our dessert recipes just right for the holiday. Ladle 1 cup of sauce into the dish and spread all over. Place sour cream in a small bowl, and ladle in about 3/4 cup of tomato sauce from the cooked stuffed cabbage rolls. This was worth the time and effort. Theres an amazing street food market in my local town on weekends and they were served at a special stall with Eastern European delicacies. To the large bowl, add the ground meat, 1 egg, 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 generous teaspoon of paprika, and 1 teaspoon of black pepper. Not being raised eating this type of "cuisine", it gave me a whole new appreciation of great American comfort food. Chop the remaining cabbage, still reserving large outer leaves, and place it in the bottom of a large greased casserole dish or Dutch oven. Boil the cabbage until all the leaves have cooked (normally about 15 minutes or a bit longer). Boil cabbage for 15 minutes, or until it is pliable and soft. 40. Keep removing the outer leaves until only the middle of the cabbage remains. Place the head of cabbage in a large pot over high heat and add water to cover. However I also found it watery. . HALUPKI CASSEROLE RECIPE RECIPES All You Need is Food Place cabbage rolls in a 3-qt. Add an inch of water to a large pot with a fitted lid and add the cabbage. Love this recipe! Meanwhile, saut chopped onion in butter in a medium skillet until tender and let cool. Our hearty stuffed cabbage recipe calls for meat, veggies, and more. Fold sides of cabbage over filling, and, starting with the stem end, roll the cabbage up. Add about 1/3 cup rice filling to one cabbage leaf. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. Preheat the oven to 350F degrees. Drain and allow to cool completely. Once the leaves are slightly cooled, cut out the thick rib at the bottom of the leaf. Sure do miss you! Gather the ingredients. Learn how to make the best stuffed cabbage rolls. I didn't use the apples and it worked out beautifully. Slovak Stuffed Cabbage (Holubky or Halupki) 4 hrs Ratings. Description. Place 2-3 tablespoons (depending on size of leaf) of meat mixture in center of each cabbage leaf; tuck in sides and roll to cover meat. Core head of cabbage, place in boiling water and boil until partly cooked. In large bowl combine cabbage, seasonings and mayonnaise. Keep the Peas: PAGACH: SLOVAK CABBAGE-STUFFED BREAD - Blogger Vegetarian Portuguese Chorizo and Kale Soup, Kielbasa Soup over Rice (kielbasa s ervenou paprikou). Add the onion to the skillet and cook until lightly browned. In a large bowl, mix cooked and cooled rice, cooled onions, beef, pork, salt and pepper to taste, egg, garlic, paprika, reserved sauerkraut juices, and 1/3 cup of the tomato sauce; blend ingredients thoroughly. I have the original recipe if you would like it, feel free to contact me. Wed always end up with enough to feed a hungry army so I figure they probably spent quite a bit of time making them. What an anticlimactic ending to a 20 year battle. 6 Garden Ideas That Will Boost the Value of Your Home. Turn the cabbage every 2 to 3 minutes and remove any leaves that separate and place in a collander or strainer to dry and cool. To develop flavor to the Stuffed Cabbage Rolls-Golambki (Golomki), make or bake the day before. Add about 1/3 cup rice filling to one cabbage leaf. Barbara Rolek is a former chef who became a cooking school instructor and award-winning food writer. Add onion and carrot and cook, stirring, until softened but not browned, about 4 minutes. One of my Family's favorites! amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Remove core from cabbage. I have been to Poland and eaten this dish, my husband is Polish, his mom, grandmother, and cousin makes this way better. Mix chopped tomatoes and soup with water and pour over rolls. Set aside. In a large bowl, combine ground pork, rice, 1 teaspoon paprika, kosher salt, pepper, eggs and onion mixture. 3 Slovak Stuffed Cabbage Recipes | RecipeOfHealth.com amzn_assoc_asins = "B003V5GUZU"; slow cooker. Pour the sauce mixture evenly over the cabbage rolls and cover the dish with foil. * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. I had to ask how to make them! Reserve 1 1/2 cups of cabbage cooking water. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit"; Place approximately 1/4 cup of the meat mixture in each cabbage leaf (depending on the leaf's size) and roll by pulling the sides of the leaf towards the middle then rolling away from you (like a burrito!). It's simple, yet tasty and was always a huge favorite at family gatherings, first communions, graduations, weddings, etc. You can see my results here: lolNutley not nutmegwhat an idiot I am! Top 47 Stuffed Cabbage Recipe With Sauerkraut Recipes Cover roasting pan with aluminum foil. All Rights Reserved. In a large bowl, mix cooked and cooled rice, cooled onions, beef, pork, salt and pepper to taste, egg, garlic, paprika, reserved sauerkraut juices, and 1/3 cup of the tomato sauce; blend ingredients thoroughly. Set aside. 1 1/2 lb. Lay leaves out flat put a 2 tablespoons of meat mixture on the stem side of the leaf. You can substitute ground chicken or turkey for this recipe, or combine it with beef or pork, if you like. I have a Ukranian background so I'm familiar with blanching cabbage, and undercooking rice. It was passed down to her from her grandmother. You don't have to give your house a top-to-bottom scrub before guests arrive, but there are a few areas you should pay attention to. Whats more, thanks to her Asian roots, shes great at combining different cuisines to come up with something extraordinary. Are you keto? Fresh. This workhorse kitchen appliance will look good as new if you follow these expert-approved steps. Chicken Cabbage Rolls with Paprika Tomato Sauce {Golumpki} Maybe you have a small apartment or just want a canine companion that you can easily carry along with you anywhere you go. Eat the cabbage. [1] 2. Bring a pot full of water and 1 tbsp (17 g) of salt to a boil. http://www.marthastewart.com/recipe/stuffed-cabbage?lnc=4ef2dc5bfca40110VgnVCM1000003d370a0aRCRD. In a small bowl, combine the beef, pork, 1/2 cup tomato sauce, onion, rice, parsley, salt, dill and cayenne; mix well. This Jewish stuffed cabbage (holishkes) recipe is a traditional dish for Sukkot. Halupki (Slovak stuffed cabbage) | Just A Pinch Recipes Lightly pack a small handful of the meat mixture and place in the center of a cabbage leaf. Stuffed Cabbage Rolls With Ground Beef and Rice. Place about 1/2 cup of meat on each cabbage leaf. Mix ground beef, ground pork, cooked rice, eggs, onion, fresh parsley, garlic powder, salt, and pepper in a large bowl until combined. Eastern European Food & Recipes - The Spruce Eats amzn_assoc_linkid = "734e8a2d397064f6ec5b24e130628fbd"; #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; width:100%;} Place the baby potatoes and onions in the bottom of a 5 quart or larger slow cooker. Grandma's Golumpki - Stuffed Polish Cabbage (Gobki) Bulgarian stuffed cabbage or sarmi can be made with ground veal, ground pork, rice, onion, and carrots. These simple outdoor upgrades can benefit your home's curb appeal and resale value. Bring a large pot of water to a boil. Turn the cabbage over and cook for another 10 minutes. Boil cabbage for 15 minutes, or until it is pliable and soft. Fold the sides over the filling and starting from the bottom, roll the cabbage leave up, similar to how you would roll a burrito or an egg roll. Her moms meatloaf is the best too! Rinse rice and cook it in 1/2 cup water until water is absorbed. You will need about 16 -18 leaves. Cut out the hard part of the stem of each leaf leaving the wilted leaf part. ** Nutrient information is not available for all ingredients. Go ahead and chop/shred those up and place into the roasting pan along with the stuffed cabbages. I've been looking at cookbooks but have never found it. It's a traditional comfort food dish that is cooked slowly on the stovetop and goes well with rye bread and butter. Place seam down into a baking dish. Cut out the thick vein from the bottom of each leaf, making a V-shaped cut. ( Dill is a must in making Polish style soups, sauces, and gravies.) It is just my husband & I, so we freeze several meals in containers. Slovak Holubky Stuffed Cabbage Recipe - The Spruce Eats ORIENTAL COLESLAW. I have never seen them put green pepper in it either. This was the best stuffed cabbage I have ever eaten. Bring a large (10-12 quart) pot of water to a boil. Thanks Martha. Directions. Easy Stuffed Cabbage Rolls Recipe - S&SM - Sweet and Savory Meals Add to cart. I loved stuffed cabbage growing up. Thank you for paying attention to our recipe! Gobki [wmpki] is the Polish name of a dish popular in cuisines of Central Europe, made from boiled cabbage leaves wrapped around a filling of minced pork or beef, chopped onions, and rice and/or kasza . It turned out really good too! Cabbage rolls freeze well before or after cooking, and can be made in a slow cooker (see your manufacturer's instructions). Cut out the tough, thick center ribs of any large cabbage leaves with a sharp knife. Hungarian Stuffed Cabbage: an Old World Tradition - That Recipe Stuffed Cabbage - Golabki 6 piece package - Srodek Core cabbage and place whole head in a large pot with salted, boiling water. Don't overmix or the meat will become tough. We may earn commission from the links on this page. It's my favorite and I could eat it every single day. Cut the core out of the head of cabbage and place the cabbage in the water. Filling cabbage leaves. Preheat the oven to 350F. They were most likely perfectly made with love. Mix together beef, pork, rice, egg, worsechester sauce, Italian seasoning and garlic salt. Secure with toothpicks if desired. My family raved about this. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Ginger Slaw Dressing - Recipes - Cooks.com Slovak and East European Food Providers - Slovak American Society of Reserve about 24 to 32 whole leaves. She graduated culinary school in 2016 and mastered the art of the crunchwrap in 2017. Coarsely shred the cabbage it thick long pieces and set aside. On March 17, there's much to dofrom cooking corned beef and cabbage and donning your finest green attire to raising a glass in honor of Irish pride. I think you should include instructions on cabbage and rice. Cabbage rolls freeze well before or after cooking and can be made in a slow cooker (see your manufacturer's instructions). And how did I hear about them? Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. You mentioned making a vegetarian version. Whisk to combine. Dotdash Meredith Food Studios. Feeling lucky? Transfer stuffed cabbage leaves to Dutch oven. Finally, bake until thoroughly cooked. This includes eating plenty of high-fiber fruits, vegetables, and whole grains throughout the day. I would recommend not wasting your time on this one and it was time consuming. Beginning from the cut end, roll up. My Polish mother who arrived here in1912, used to add flavor to this dish by using cream of mushroom soup instead of tomato sauce. Bring the water to a simmer on the stove top, cover, and simmer on low for 2 hours. (Nutrition information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate. Hope you are enjoying the traditional recipes. Remove the hard triangular rib from the base of each cabbage leaf with a small paring . Flip the right side of the leaf to the middle, then flip the left side. This stuffed cabbage recipe, known as halupki on the Ukrainian side of my family, is made with beef, pork, and rice encased in cabbage and drizzled with a thin, sweet tomato sauce. Place the cabbage rolls on top of the chopped cabbage with sauerkraut and some tomato sauce in between the layers in the casserole dish or Dutch oven. Cook on high power for 5 minutes. Mix together well. Also a large onion is way too much for this amount of meat. Everyone grandma had her own stuffed cabbage recipe. Powered by the ESHA Research Database 2018, ESHA Research, Inc. All Rights Reserved. To hegyibolt, are you talking about "Creme Freche" it does have that flavor. Follow cooking temperature and settings for your appliance. Pour that on top of the onions and cabbage. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. 1 (4-pound) head cabbage 1/2 cup raw white rice 1/2 cup water 1 medium onion, finely chopped 2 ounces ( 4 tablespoons) unsalted butter 1 1/2 pounds ground P.S. Combine the beef, egg, onion, rice, salt and pepper. My grandma Eugenia taught me how to make this. Then, pour the remaining sauce on top and cover the pan with foil. I miss my Mom every day. Turn the cabbage every 2 to 3 minutes and remove any leaves that separate and place in a collander or strainer to dry and cool. It means very little work on your part and we are always in favor of that. Combine tomato sauce, reserved cabbage water, white vinegar, and white sugar in a bowl; pour mixture over cabbage rolls. Add the cabbage and steak seasoning to the slow cooker. Hungarian Stuffed Cabbage - The Beach House Kitchen I received this recipe from my grandmother. Cover. Once again, roll away from you to create a neat little roll. Serve stuffed cabbage with hot tomato sauce and sour cream for the ultimate comforting winter meal. I sometimes will add a nice mild German Sauerkraut to the mixture at the bottom of the pan and let the cabbage rolls sit on top of that. SLOVAK CABBAGE SOUP RECIPE RECIPES All You Need is Food - Stevehacks Stuffed Cabbage Recipe | Martha Stewart Question: Can you make this ahead of time? They DO stay together while cooking. Choose a shade that works with a range of backsplash and countertop materials. Place a 3/4-inch thick layer of the chopped cabbage-sauerkraut-tomato mixture in the bottom.